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HOW TO ESTABLISH A TIN ORE BENEFICIATION PLANT IN NIGERIA: MINERAL BENEFICIATION SERIES.
An
established and well managed solid minerals sub-sector will accelerate
economic, social and political growth of Nigeria by provision of gainful
employment and a rise in national income earnings far exceeding the
petroleum sector. In addition, solid minerals will provide local raw
materials for industries and bring vital infrastructure and wealth to
rural areas.
Records
as it that the solid mineral industry in Nigeria contributes about 0.3%
of the Gross Domestic Product {GDP} and this is due to the fact that
investment opportunities in the sector tends to be focused on the mining
{ with the use of crude implements} and trading of the minerals in
there crude form.
This
not only leads to low output but a great lost in revenue which could
have been derived when the minerals are processed thereby adding value
and create employment opportunity for our teeming population.
Through various processes, minerals can be refined and one of such processes is beneficiation.
Beneficiation
is a variety of processes where by extracted ore from mining is
separated into mineral and gangue through mechanical means, the former
suitable for further processing or direct use.
For
instance, through beneficiation technology low grade tin ore of 5%
concentration can be increased to high grade tin ore of 50% or more
concentration and sold at a much higher price.
Tin
ore {Cassiterite} is the second –easiest ore to mine. It is mined from
tin veins. Cassiterite is a tin oxide mineral, SnO2. It is generally
opaque but it is translucent in thin crystals. Its luster and multiple
crystal faces produce a desirable gem. Cassiterite has been the chief
tin ore throughout ancient history and remains the most important source
of tin today.
Most sources of cassiterite today are found in alluvial or placer deposits containing the resistant weathered grains.
Tin
mineralization in Nigeria is within the Younger Granites of Jos
Plateau. They are two types: primary deposits found as disseminations in
the biotite granite and pegmatites and placer deposits found among
gravel pockets in both ancient and modern stream channels.
Most
of the tin today is recovered from the placer formations by stripping
and open pit mining. Ore grade is high (about 1.5 kgm-3) and
beneficiation is by gravity or magnetic floatation or a combination of
the two.
Associated
gangue minerals include magnetite (Fe3O4), ilmenite (FeTiO3), Zircon
(ZrSiO4), thorite (ThSiO4) and monazite (Le, La, Y, Th(PO4)). Gem
quality beryl and semi-precious gem quality topaz are also associated
with the cassiterite.
The international standard specification of tin ore 5 % is given below
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TYPICAL ASSAY - QUALITY SPECIFICATION:
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On dry basis Guaranteed (% by weight) Rejection
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Tin ore (Sn) 5% up（including5%） 5% below
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Cu ≤0.30% ＞0.30%
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Sb ≤0.30% ＞0.30%
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F ≤0.10% ＞0.10%
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Bi ≤0.10% ＞0.10%
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As ≤1.50% ＞1.50%
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Pb ≤1.00% ＞1.00%
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Radioactivity <200cpmby alert="" inspection="">200CPM
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Tin
is the smallest of the base metals in terms of production volume with
less than 300,000 tonnes produced annually, compared with some 20
million tonnes of aluminium produced annually.
The
shift in environmental legislation regarding the banning of lead in
solder has come to the rescue of the tin market as tin had had a torrid
time since the mid-1980's when prices rose to levels that caused
manufacturers to switch to other raw materials. However, with a consumer
economy emerging in China and gathering pace in other parts of asia,
demand for electronics and hence solder should lead to strong tin demand
in the years to come. In addition as China's rural population moves
into the cities, more food will need to be packaged and this should
benefit tin demand. Tin demand has started to recover, in 2004 demand
reached 315,000 tonnes, up from 275,000 tonnes in 2000.
Supply is still running below the level of demand, with 2004 production forecast to be 285,000 tonnes.
This
supply shortfall is a healthy development as during the 1990's and
early 2000's stocks had built up to levels that were keeping tin prices
below the cost of production. The supply deficit is now drawing down
these stocks, which will make the market more responsive to market
forces in the future.
It
is important those low grade tin ore are beneficiated in order to
derive more value from them and an opportunity for interested investors
to set-up tin ore beneficiation plant in Nigeria.
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